Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than might be expected.
The country is seeking a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are indications of a secularist culture trend forming.
Origins
In the early days, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with styles of art as well as a written language and paper making.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and sometimes required them to serve in the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications.
By the end of this period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male centered concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are also common throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by several states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system seek to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by stoking fears of job losses.
Academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key factors that appear to be the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views among this population. A survey in 2009 revealed that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on educating students and bringing Christ to them. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event drew an audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The event was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which reported on its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.
One instance of an KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured support to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in creation science. It has also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has a network of local branch offices that host seminars and talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary rock and roll and jazz. During this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new model of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike the right balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. 에볼루션 무료 바카라 was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.